1. Which of the following rights was considered a natural and inalienable right in the French Constitution?

Answer: (c) (i), (ii) and (iii)
(Right to life, freedom of speech, and equality before the law – all three were considered natural.)

2. Select the correct option based on the following characteristics:
I. The parliament is called the National People’s Congress. II. It has the power to appoint the President. III. Some members are elected by the army.

Answer: (c) China

3. People of the _______ age group are included in the workforce population.

Answer: (d) 15 to 59 age group

4. Arrange the following events in chronological order:

Answer: (d) IV, I, II, III
(Correct order: End of Monarchy -> Fall of Jacobin Government -> Rule of the Directory -> Napoleon becomes Emperor)

5. “It is a form of government in which the rulers are elected by the people.”

Answer: (b) Democracy

6. Which of the following pairs is not correctly matched:

Answer: (a) Mining – Secondary Sector
(Mining comes under the Primary Sector)

7. Select the correct landform based on the following features:
I. High peaks II. Deep valleys III. Fast-flowing rivers.

Answer: (d) Himalayan Mountains

8. Which of the following situations is not related to poverty:

Answer: (a) Only I
(Landowning farmers in villages typically do not fall below the poverty line)

9. Assertion (A): The liberal group was opposed to the uncontrolled power of dynastic rulers.
Reason (R): They were in favor of granting universal adult franchise.

Answer: (c) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(Liberals wanted voting rights only for men with property, not for everyone)

10. Identify the organs of the Indian Parliament:

Answer: (d) Only II, III and IV are correct.
(President + Lok Sabha + Rajya Sabha)

11. Match Column 1 with Column 2:

Correct Pairs:

• 1. Punjab — High agricultural growth rate
• 2. Kerala — Human resource development
• 3. Andhra Pradesh — Public distribution of food grains
• 4. West Bengal — Land reform measures

12. Identification of River Basin (Origin from Brahmagiri, 760 km length, South India):

Answer: (d) Kaveri Basin

13. German currency crisis and Hitler’s policies:

Answer: (b) Statement (i) is false and (ii) is true.
(Statement I claiming ‘value of Mark increased’ is false, the value collapsed)

14. Assertion (A): The election of the Constituent Assembly was not direct. Reason (R): There was no universal adult franchise at that time.

Answer: (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

15. Prices announced by the government for crops before the sowing season:

Answer: (a) Minimum Support Price (MSP)

16. Who led the umbrella organization against Apartheid?

Answer: (c) African National Congress (ANC)

17. Assertion (A): March to May is the summer season. Reason (R): Northward movement of the sun.

Answer: (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and the explanation is correct.

18. Constituencies for Lok Sabha elections:

Answer: (c) 543 Constituencies

19. Intervened to rescue Germany from the economic crisis:

Answer: (b) American Government (Dawes Plan)

20. Features of the National Food Security Act:

Answer: (d) Only I, II and IV are correct.

21. (a) Mention two steps taken to build a socialist society in Russia.

Answer: 1. Nationalization of industries and banks. 2. Implementation of Five-Year Plans.

— OR —

21. (b) Mention any two features of the Russian economy at the beginning of the twentieth century.

Answer: 1. 85% of the population was dependent on agriculture. 2. Industries were very few (mainly in Moscow-St. Petersburg).

22. Two changes made by General Pervez Musharraf after declaring himself Chief Executive:

Answer: 1. Suspended the constitution. 2. Dissolved elected assemblies.

23. Briefly explain the geographical extent of India.

Answer: India lies between 8°4′ N to 37°6′ N latitude and 68°7′ E to 97°25′ E longitude.

24. Explanation of the concept of unemployment:

Answer: When a person is willing and able to work at prevailing wages but cannot find a job. Example: Educated unemployment.

25. (a) Why was the treasury of France empty during the time of Louis XVI?

Answer: 1. Cost of long years of war. 2. Extravagant cost of maintaining the palace of Versailles. 3. Burden of loans given for American independence.

— OR —

25. (b) Robespierre’s policy of ‘Control and Punishment’:

Answer: He gave severe punishments (guillotine) to opponents, fixed limits on wages and prices, and banned expensive white flour, making ‘equality bread’ mandatory.

26. Three factors affecting the climate of India:

Answer: 1. Latitude (Tropic of Cancer), 2. Altitude (Height), 3. Pressure and Wind systems.

27. Karl Marx’s views on Capitalism:

Answer: Marx believed that capitalists profit from the labor of workers. To liberate workers, private property must be abolished and a ‘communist society’ must be constructed.

28. Importance of election campaigns in a democracy:

Answer: It gives the public a chance to understand leaders’ policies, discuss them openly, and choose the right representative for themselves.

29. Components of food security in India:

Answer: 1. Buffer Stock: Accumulating stock of food grains. 2. Public Distribution System (PDS): Distributing affordable grains through ration shops.

30. (a) ‘The Treaty of Versailles was harsh and humiliating for Germany.’ Evaluate.

Answer: Germany was held guilty for the war, stripped of its overseas colonies, its army was demilitarized, and a fine of £6 billion was imposed. This humiliated the German people.

— OR —

30. (b) ‘The economic crisis had the worst impact on the German economy.’ Review.

Answer: Due to the Great Depression of 1929, German industrial production fell to 40%, 6 million people became unemployed, and the currency (Mark) completely lost its value.

31. (a) ‘The Indian Constitution has granted several freedoms to citizens.’ Explain.

Answer: Under Article 19: Freedom of speech, assembly, association, movement, residence, and the freedom to practice any profession.

— OR —

31. (b) ‘The Right to Constitutional Remedies makes other rights effective.’

Answer: This right (Article 32) allows citizens to approach the court if their fundamental rights are violated. Dr. Ambedkar called it the ‘Soul of the Constitution’.

32. (a) What is the poverty line and how is it estimated?

Answer: The minimum income level required to live a basic life. In India, it is determined based on ‘calorie requirements’ (Rural-2400, Urban-2100) and the money needed to buy that food.

— OR —

32. (b) “Causes of poverty in India.”

Answer: 1. Low economic development under British rule. 2. Population growth. 3. Unequal distribution of land resources. 4. Low productivity in agriculture. 5. Socio-cultural spending.

33. (a) Main characteristics of Peninsular rivers:

Answer: They are seasonal (dependent on rain), shorter in length, have shallow valleys, and often form deltas (except Narmada-Tapi).

— OR —

33. (b) ‘Lakes are useful for human life.’

Answer: They prevent floods, provide water during droughts, are used to generate electricity (hydropower), boost tourism, and support aquatic life.

34. (Political Science)

• 34.1 Cabinet: The core group of senior ministers that takes important decisions.
• 34.2 Role of PM: Head of government, chairs the cabinet, distributes work to departments.
• 34.3 Impact of Coalition: The PM has to accommodate the views of coalition partners, which slightly constrains his decision-making power.

35. (Economics)

• 35.1 Gross National Product (GNP): The sum of a country’s total production + net income from abroad.
• 35.2 Negative aspect of population: Pressure on resources (food, education) and unemployment.
• 35.3 Human Capital Formation: Making people skilled by investing in education and health (e.g., creating doctors, engineers).

36. (Geography)

• 36.1 Extent: The Himalayas extend from the Indus River in the west to the Brahmaputra River in the east.
• 36.2 Inner Himalayas (Himadri): The northernmost and highest range, containing peaks like Kanchenjunga and Everest.
• 36.3 Importance: It acts as a barrier against cold winds and causes monsoonal rainfall.

37a. World Map:

• (A) Allied Power: France
• (B) Axis Power: Germany

37b. India Map:

• Anai Mudi: Kerala (Western Ghats)
• Lowest Population Density: Arunachal Pradesh
• Sambhar Lake: Rajasthan
• Coromandel Coast: Coast of Tamil Nadu

(Answers for Visually Impaired Students):

37.1 Germany, 37.2 Russia, 37.3 Kerala, 37.4 Arunachal Pradesh, 37.5 Rajasthan, 37.6 Tamil Nadu.